The apes who have been driven away are depressed, and just sit around moping when one of them gets the idea to use a thigh bone of some large animal as a club. First he tries it out on a few dried ribs that are lying about, 1 then he uses it to bring down one of the tapirs that had, up until this moment, lived peacefully among the apes in an idyllic, Garden-of-Eden symbiosis.
Suddenly, we are back at the watering hole, more of a mud puddle really, and the ape that invented the club is at the head of his troupe, all of whom are armed with their own bone clubs. The larger, stronger apes are still there, furious at the reappearance of the weaker group.
Macpherson Lukes, Thus Montaigne is a watershed between the assumptions of knowledge and the relation of the individual to society held by those before, and those who would follow. Before writers like Montaigne and Rousseau, it was a vanity, if not sinful, to dwell upon the individual self to the degree one would need to write, for example, an autobiography, for the self as we would think of it did not even exist. Ian Watt writes that the symbiotic relationship between the novel and the humanist individual it helped bring into existence couldn't come into being until societal conditions made possible the autonomous individual who prospers or fails by jockeying among others in a web of social situations.
What's more, the autonomous individual, especially within the middle-class, had to be taken seriously enough to be a subject for literatureβfor both writers and readers. To gauge the rise of the individual throughout the 18 th and 19 th century, consider the number of novels of this era that bear the name of the main character as title: Clarissa , Pamela , Robinson Crusoe , David Copperfield Consequently techniques such as a fixed point of view became obsolete.
In their place rose literary innovations such as those created by Henry James by which inner consciousness is portrayed; in contrast to the 18 th -century novel, the subject of many modern novels is seldom what happened. Rather it is more often how and what someone thought they thought compare Impressionist painting. In other words, in a world that is seen as relative, the Modernist use of viewpoint can become an instrument to explore not only a newly emerging culture but also the perspectives from which it is seen consider Cubism in the visual arts.
