Federal government websites often end in. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The site is secure. NCBI Bookshelf. Despite steady improvement in the overall health of the United States' population, the health of America's racial and ethnic minorities varies from the mainstream.
For example, the health status of African Americans'—a racial-ethnic group already burdened with deep and persistent history-based health disparities—have been recently characterized as stagnant or deteriorating Byrd and Clayton, , ; Collins, Hall, and Neuhaus, ; National Center for Health Statistics, ; Sullivan, ; Williams, A body of nearly scientific publications documenting racial and ethnic disparities in health care provide ample evidence of this problem Geiger, ; Mayberry, Mili, and Ofili, Though it is well known that these disparities reflect socioeconomic differences and inadequate access to quality health care, contemporary evidence suggests that racial, ethnic, class, and gender bias along with direct and indirect discrimination are also important factors Geiger, ; Mayberry, Mili, and Ofili, ; U.
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Commission on Civil Rights, a, b; Williams, Following the lead of the legislation and committee reports, this Institute of Medicine IOM study is one part of a multifaceted effort by the United States Congress to understand and eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Differences in population characteristics such as race, ethnicity, class, culture, and gender are at the root of many present health and health system problems in the United States. From racial and ethnic relations perspectives such differences have generated group identities and self-awareness, racial mythology, group interaction, stereotyping, competition, conflict, a corpus of critical theory, accommodation, and in some instances assimilation and integration.
A number of academic disciplines and formidable bodies of scientific literature have grown around each of these subjects. African Americans serve as surrogates for racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States in many instances.
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This is not by design, but based on the fact the overwhelming majority of the research, published literature, and data on racial and ethnic disparities before was focused on that group. Moreover, their chronicle, alongside Native Americans, epitomizes the depth, breadth, and intensity of the American racial and ethnic minority experience Burns, ; Byrd and Clayton, , ; Feagin and Feagin, ; Outlaw, ; Smedley, ; Stuart, Though viewed by many as recent occurrences, racial- and ethnic-based health disparities are centuries-old phenomena.
