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Forest liming is a management tool that has and continues to be used extensively across northern Europe to counteract acidification processes from anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen N deposition. In this study, we quantified how liming affects soil organic carbon SOC stocks and attempt to disentangle the mechanisms responsible for the often contrasting processes that regulate net soil carbon C fluxes. Historical soil data from a subset of the paired experiment plots were analyzed to assess how SOC stocks in both control and limed plots changed between and Overall, we found that forest floor C stocks have been accumulating over time in the control plots.
This, in turn, meant that nutrients remained mobile and were not bound in soil organic matter complexes. In the forest floor layers, SOC stocks exhibited an exponential decrease with increasing pH, highlighting how lime-induced improvements in the biochemical environment stimulate organic matter OM decomposition. Nevertheless, for both forest floor and mineral soils, the magnitude and direction of the belowground C changes hinged directly on the inherent site characteristics, namely, forest type conifer versus broadleaf , soil pH, soil texture, and the soil SOC stocks.
On the other hand, SOC stock decreases were often offset by other processes that fostered C accumulation, such as improved forest productivity or increased carbon stabilization, which correspondingly translated to an overall variable response by SOC stocks, particularly in the mineral soil. Lastly, we measured soil carbon dioxide CO 2 and soil methane CH 4 flux immediately after a re-liming event at three of the experimental sites.
Here, we found that 1 liming doubles CH 4 uptake in the long-term; 2 soil organic matter mineralization processes respond quickly to liming, even though the duration and size of the CO 2 flush varied between sites; and 3 lime-derived CO 2 contributed very little to total CO 2 emissions over the measurement period determined using stable isotope approaches. Millions of hectares of forest have been limed in Germany and across northern Europe over the last few decades to counteract soil acidification processes derived from anthropogenic sulfur S and nitrogen N deposition.
Soil acidification is responsible for hindering organic matter decomposition processes and concomitantly immobilizing nutrients and carbon Shen et al. The application of lime on acidic soils, as either calcium carbonate CaCO 3 or dolomite CaMg CO 3 2 , elicits a strong biochemical response by lowering soil acidity, reducing both aluminum Al and manganese toxicity, and increasing the soil's buffering capacity.