You have full access to this open access article. Friction stir welding FSW is a solid-state welding process, which has significantly disrupted welding technology particularly for aluminum alloy applications. Due to its high-quality welds in all aluminum alloys, comparatively low heat input with high energy efficiency and ecological friendliness, FSW is used in a rapidly growing number of applications. Currently, destructive and non-destructive testing methods are attached as a separate process step to verify weld seam quality, detecting imperfections late in production and requiring costly rework or scrapping of the assembly.
Various studies have shown the possibility of using deep neural networks DNN to evaluate weld quality and detect welding defects based on recorded data.
For internal weld defects bigger than 0. The systems aim at offering a reliable and cost-efficient quality monitoring solution with a wide range of applicability, increasing the acceptance of the friction stir welding process as well as confidence in the resulting weld seam quality.
Friction stir welding FSW is a modern solid-state welding process that produces high-quality welds through intermixing in the plastic state using frictional heat and pressure generated by a rotating tool. The solid-state nature of the process bypasses challenges associated with fusion welding of aluminum alloys and produces welds with superior technological properties, making it a sought after joining process in the aerospace and rolling stock industries [ 2 ].
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Increased efforts in light weight construction as well the growing demand in electric vehicles have increased the number of FSW applications in the automobile industry for the production of battery trays, heat exchangers, and mixed material joints of aluminum and copper for electrical systems [ 3 , 4 ].
